@article {Goei2021-mn,
	title = {Nd-Nb Co-doped SnO2/α-WO3Electrochromic Materials: Enhanced Stability and Switching Properties},
	journal = {ACS Omega},
	volume = {6},
	number = {40},
	year = {2021},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {26251{\textendash}26261},
	publisher = {American Chemical Society},
	abstract = {The fabrication of Nd-Nb co-doped SnO2/α-WO3 electrochromic (EC) materials for smart window applications is presented in the present paper. Nb is a good dopant candidate for ECs owing to its ability to introduce active sites on the surface of α-WO3 without causing much lattice strain due to the similar ionic radius of Nb5+ and W6+. These active sites introduce more channels for charge insertion or removal during redox reactions, improving the overall EC performance. However, Nb suffers from prolonged utilization due to the Li+ ions trapped within the ECs. By coupling Nd with Nb, the co-dopants would transfer their excess electrons to SnO2, improving the electronic conductivity and easing the insertion and extraction of Li+ cations from the ECs. The enhanced Nd-Nb co-doped SnO2/α-WO3 exhibited excellent visible light transmission (90\% transmittance), high near-infrared (NIR) contrast (60\% NIR modulation), rapid switching time (\~{}1 s), and excellent stability (>65\% of NIR modulation was retained after repeated electrochemical cycles). The mechanism of enhanced EC performance was also investigated. The novel combination of Nd-Nb co-doped SnO2/α-WO3 presented in this work demonstrates an excellent candidate material for smart window applications to be used in green buildings.},
	author = {Goei, Ronn and Ong, Amanda Jiamin and Tan, Jun Hao and Loke, Jie Yi and Lua, Shun Kuang and Mandler, Daniel and Magdassi, Shlomo and Yoong Tok, Alfred Iing}
}
